In this chapter from his book Men of a Single Book: Fundamentalism in Islam, Christianity, and Modern Thought, author Mateus Soares de Azevedo very clearly points out that just as there are various radical fundamentalisms that have arisen in the world's religions, so has a “secular or atheistic fundamentalism” arisen among various modern authors as a reaction “against religious fundamentalism; it is a new form of superficiality and intolerance advanced by a few anti-religious polemicists.” Soares de Azevedo then shows the inconsistencies and illogicalities that litter this atheistic doctrine. However, the author reserves much of his argument to pointing out real-world ramifications from the spread of these secular or atheistic fundamentalist concepts by illustrating how these “ideas have consequences,” and that those who spread such ideas should understand that their efforts at promulgating them bestow a heavy burden of responsibility, which “is the first thing an intellectual should know.”